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Heart Attack Can Be Predicted Two Months in Advance – Your HAIR Alerts you About That!

Home » Health and Beauty » You are reading » Heart Attack Can Be Predicted Two Months in Advance – Your HAIR Alerts you About That!AdminApril 7, 2016 Heart Attack Can Be Predicted Two Months in Advance – Your HAIR Alerts you About That!2016-04-07T22:32:03+00:00 Health and Beauty It's only fair to share...Share on Facebook0Share on Google+0Tweet about this on TwitterShare on LinkedIn0 763747Every man has to learn how to read your body, every change is remembered on the hair. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol in hair can indicate a heart attack months before the trouble to come. Hair grows one centimeter a month, a 6 foot long beam can demonstrate a level of stress for a much longer period. Until this information was based on analysis of hair samples from 56 people who have experienced a heart attack, ie. comparing the results of this analysis with the results of the analysis of hair samples of men who were suffering from other diseases, have not had a heart attack.

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Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 571420. Published online 2013 Nov 28. doi: 10.1155/2013/571420 PMCID: PMC3863556 Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study Vijay R. Ambiye, 1 Deepak Langade, 2 ,* Swati Dongre, 3 Pradnya Aptikar, 4 Madhura Kulkarni, 5 and Atul Dongre 3 Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ► This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) has been described in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine as an aphrodisiac that can be used to treat male sexual dysfunction and infertility. This pilot study was conducted to evaluate the spermatogenic activity of Ashwagandha root extract in oligospermic patients. Forty-six male patients with oligospermia (sperm count < 20 million/mL semen) were enrolled and randomized either to treatment (n = 21) with a full-spectrum root extract of Ashwagandha (675 mg/d in three doses for 90 days) or to placebo (n = 25) in the same protocol. Semen parameters and serum hormone levels were estimated at the end of 90-day treatment. There was a 167% increase in sperm count (9.59 ± 4.37 × 106/mL to 25.61 ± 8.6 × 106/mL; P < 0.0001), 53% increase in semen volume (1.74 ± 0.58 mL to 2.76 ± 0.60 mL; P < 0.0001), and 57% increase in sperm motility (18.62 ± 6.11% to 29.19 ± 6.31%; P < 0.0001) on day 90 from baseline. The improvement in these parameters was minimal in the placebo-treated group. Furthermore, a significantly greater improvement and regulation were observed in serum hormone levels with the Ashwagandha treatment as compared to the placebo. The present study adds to the evidence on the therapeutic value of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), as attributed in Ayurveda for the treatment of oligospermia leading to infertility. Go to: 1. Introduction Male infertility accounts for about 50% of human infertility. In 40% to 50% of infertile males, the etiology is unknown [1–7]. The pathophysiology of male infertility could be explained by a number of cellular abnormalities manifesting at the molecular and biochemical levels that result in decreased quality and quantity of sperm in the semen [3–5] and an imbalance in the reproductive hormones. Moreover, it has been widely observed that oligospermia is the single most prevalent cause of reduced male fertility [2, 4]. Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine practiced in India, can be traced back to 6000 Bc [8–11]. For most of this history, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), also known as “Indian ginseng” due to its rejuvenating effects, has been described in folk medicine as an aphrodisiac and geriatric tonic [12]. It is classified as an “adaptogen,” meaning that this herb assists in combating stress and disease, improving physical strength and metabolism without adverse effects [13–16]. Ashwagandha has been used as a “rasayana” in Ayurvedic medicine. In particular, the root of Ashwagandha is regarded as a tonic and aphrodisiac. Ashwagandha in the Sanskrit language means “horse's smell” (ashwa-horse, gandha-smell), probably originating from the odor of its root. The species name somnifera means “sleep-inducing” in Latin [17]. Ashwagandha is rich in a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as alkaloids, ergostane steroids, amino acids, and neurotransmitters, which explains its numerous medicinal properties that can directly or indirectly prevent and treat a number of diseases [18–20]. It has been widely documented that, in addition to conventional therapies, many individuals with sexual dysfunction often seek alternative therapies. It is noteworthy that, from ancient times, Ashwagandha  has been used by Ayurvedic practitioners as an aphrodisiac to improve on matters related to infertility and sexual activities. Numerous human and animal studies have validated the aphrodisiac and testosterone-enhancing effects of Ashwagandha [8–11, 21–23]. Different investigators have reported that Ashwagandha is beneficial in the treatment of male infertility [5, 21–23]. Experimental studies have shown that treatment with Ashwagandha induced testicular development and spermatogenesis in immature Wistar rats by directly affecting the seminiferous tubules [5, 24, 25], improved prosexual behaviour of sexually sluggish mice, and increased testicular daily sperm production and serum testosterone level [5]. It has been well documented that high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the semen induce oxidative damage to the sperm and are associated with abnormal sperm parameters leading to infertility [21, 26–30]. Ashwagandha has been found to counteract the formation of ROS in infertile men [21, 22, 27]. Despite numerous studies that report the efficacy of Ashwagandha in the treatment of various diseases, specific double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies assessing the effectiveness of Ashwagandha in treating male infertility are few and, mostly, lacking critical data on safety and tolerability of the therapy. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the usefulness of a highly concentrated, full-spectrum root extract of Ashwagandha as a suitable herbal supplement in treating male infertility. Go to: 2. Subjects and Methods This two-arm, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study with 1 : 1 random allocation was conducted at five infertility centers in India. The study was conducted in accordance with the good clinical practice guidelines of the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR-GCP) and the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the “League Health-Independent Ethics Committee.” 2.1. Subjects Sixty-eight infertile males were assessed with regard to eligibility for inclusion in the present study. Forty-six male patients between 22 and 40 years of age with semen factor infertility were enrolled after obtaining informed written consent. All men had a sperm count of 5–20 million/mL, total motility of 10%–30%, with forward motility < 15%, and atypical morphological forms < 70%. All men had a history of regular sexual intercourse over a one-year period with a gynecologically normal female partner with no apparent female infertility. Men with a total sperm count of <0.5 million/mL or over 20 million/mL were not included. Also, men with primary erectile dysfunction, congenital anomalies, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe hepatic or renal insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accidents, uncontrolled hypertension, or with previous history of cryptorchidism, varicocele and testicular hypertrophy, were excluded from the study. Those with a history of pelvic fractures or prostatectomy or reconstructive or prosthetic surgery on the penis or having total or partly obstructive oligospermia were also excluded. Enrolled patients had not been administered any PDE-V inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil) and glucocorticosteroids within the four weeks prior to enrollment and during the entire course of the study. Patients with known hypersensitivity to Ashwagandha extract were also excluded. 2.2. Randomization and Treatments The study subjects were randomized to either: (i) the placebo-treated group (n = 25) or (ii) the Ashwagandha-treated group (n = 21). The study subjects in the Ashwagandha-treated group were administered one capsule (containing 225 mg of a high-concentration full-spectrum root extract of the Ashwagandha plant) orally, thrice daily for a period of 12 weeks, whereas, in the placebo-treated group, capsules containing 225 mg of matching placebo were administered similarly. The Ashwagandha root extract employed in the present study, KSM-66 Ashwagandha (from Ixoreal Biomed Private Ltd., Hyderabad, India), has been extracted with a unique processing technology producing a broad-spectrum phyto-pharmaceutical that potentiates the action of Ashwagandha manifold, providing pan-therapeutic effects. It is noteworthy that although various Ashwagandha powders and extracts are available commercially, there are serious shortcomings in standardization and optimization of Ashwagandha extracts. KSM-66 Ashwagandha is standardized to withanolide content of at least 5% as measured by HPLC. It contains the desired quantum of withanolides and alkaloids, short- and long-chain amino acids (threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, lysine, aspartic acid, and arginine), complex sugars including oligosaccharides/fructooligosaccharides, vitamin A, calcium, and iron. 2.3. Trial Visits and Assessments After the screening visit, during the treatment period of 90 days, the subjects were required to present themselves at the trial centers at specified intervals: Visit 1 on Day 30; Visit 2 on Day 60; and Visit 3 on Day 90. The final safety and efficacy assessments were done on Day 90 of the study. Semen analysis and complete physical examination were conducted at baseline and then after 30 days and again after 90 days. Standard manual semen analysis was performed according to WHO guidelines [31, 32]. Hormonal estimations were done for serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels on Day 0 (baseline) and after Day 90 using the chemiluminescence method. The primary efficacy outcome was the improvement in the semen parameters and serum hormone levels from baseline (Day 0) after 90 days of therapy. The secondary efficacy outcome was the safety and efficacy of the therapy under investigation. Safety was assessed based on the adverse events recorded during the study. At the end of the study, the four-point Global Assessment Scale for Efficacy (excellent, good, satisfactory, and poor) was used for efficacy. The Global Assessment Scale for Tolerability (GATE) was used to assess tolerability to therapy. Compliance was assessed using the tablet count and those who consumed over 80% of tablets were classified as compliant. 2.4. Statistical Methods In this study being of an exploratory nature, the sample size was not based on any distributional assumptions and power calculations. Efficacy analysis population included all men who completed the study as per the protocol. Safety analysis was done on the intent-to-treat population. The measurement data were expressed as means with one standard deviation. The two groups were compared for change in the sperm count from the baseline using one-way ANOVA with treatment as a factor. The global assessment scale values for efficacy and tolerability to therapy were compared between the two groups by the Mann-Whitney “U” test. The obtained results were interpreted as insignificant if the P value exceeded 0.05. Go to: 3. Results Sixty-eight infertile males were assessed with regard to eligibility for inclusion in the present study. Forty-six were selected for inclusion. This study presents the data of these 46 oligospermic males randomized in a double-blind protocol to either the placebo-treated group (n = 25) or the high-concentration, full-spectrum Ashwagandha root extract-treated group (n = 21). The two groups were similar with respect to demographic parameters (Table 1) and all baseline data including semen parameters and serum sexual hormone levels (Table 2). Table 1 Table 1 Demography and baseline data of the study subjects. Table 2 Table 2 Semen profile of the Ashwagandha root extract-treated and placebo-treated oligospermic males. 3.1. Semen Parameters Treatment with the Ashwagandha root extract resulted in a highly significant (P < 0.0001) increase in sperm concentration after 90 days of therapy, as compared to the baseline value on Day 0 of the study period (Table 2). The increase was from 9.59 ±  4.37  × 106/mL to 25.61 ± 8.6 × 106/mL, corresponding to a percentage increase of 167%. A statistically significant increase was observed in the semen volume (from 1.74 ± 0.58 mL to 2.76 ± 0.60 mL; P < 0.0001) and sperm motility (from 18.62 ± 6.11% to 29.19 ± 6.31%; P < 0.0001) on Day 90 as compared to the baseline value on Day 0. These corresponded to increases of 53% and 57%, respectively. 3.2. Serum Hormone Levels Furthermore, a significantly greater improvement and regulation were observed in serum hormone levels with the Ashwagandha root extract treatment as compared to the placebo treatment. Serum testosterone increased significantly by 17% (from 4.45 ± 1.41 ng/mL to 5.22 ± 1.39 ng/mL; P < 0.01) and LH by 34% (from 3.97 ± 1.21 mIU/mL to 5.31 ± 1.33 mIU/mL; P < 0.02), following treatment with Ashwagandha root extract, as compared to the baseline (Day 0) values of these parameters (Table 2, Figures ​Figures11 and ​and22). Figure 1 Figure 1 Serum testosterone levels (ng/mL) in the full-spectrum Ashwagandha root extract-treated and placebo-treated study groups including oligospermic males. **P < 0.0001 as compared to baseline values on Day 0 of the study duration of 12 weeks. Values ... Figure 2 Figure 2 Serum LH (mL IU/mL) in the full-spectrum Ashwagandha root extract-treated and placebo-treated study groups including oligospermic males. *P < 0.001 as compared to baseline values on Day 0 of the study duration (12 weeks). Values are expressed ... Upon evaluation on the Global Assessment Scale for Efficacy (GASE) and Global Assessment Scale for Tolerability (GATE), more patients (68.75%) reported the therapy with Ashwagandha as “excellent” when compared to the placebo (11.76%; Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). Figure 3 Figure 3 (a) Global Assessment Scale for Tolerability (GATE) by patients. (b) Global Assessment Scale for Tolerability (GATE) by physicians. Go to: 4. Discussion Male infertility accounts for about 50% of human infertility and in 40% to 50% of infertile males the etiology is unknown [1–7]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compromised semen quality and sperm output are amongst the important causative factors of male infertility [3–5]. Moreover, it has been widely observed that oligospermia is the single most prevalent cause of reduced male fertility [2, 4]. Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse with the same partner. Twelve months are the lower reference limit for time to pregnancy by the World Health Organization [6, 31]. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an important medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 6,000 years. In view of its varied and effective therapeutic potential, Ashwagandha has been the subject of considerable modern scientific investigation [8–12]. Ashwagandha has been used for centuries as a “rasayana” in Ayurvedic medicine. The root of Ashwagandha is specially regarded as a tonic and aphrodisiac [12–16]. Ashwagandha is often called “Indian ginseng” due to its rejuvenating effects [12, 13]. Nonetheless, the specific effects are not similar to ginseng. Rather than providing restless energy as does ginseng, Ashwagandha often causes relaxation. In Ayurveda, certain herbal formulas are considered to be rejuvenating [9, 13–15, 18]. These formulas are called “rasayana” tonics, taken as a remedy for general weakness and exhaustion, as well as for their stress-relieving qualities. Chris Kilham, a renowned author, educator and the founder of Medicine Hunter Inc., in accordance with the Indian Materia Medica, emphasized the use of Ashwagandha for general debility, impotence, brain fatigue, low sperm count, nervous exhaustion, and in situations in which general vigor must be restored, as Ashwagandha builds strength from within. The present study employed a high-concentration, full-spectrum root extract of Ashwagandha, which retains and potentiates the synergism in the whole root. Extensive clinical and experimental research has been carried out to address possible therapeutic modalities for the treatment of oligospermia utilizing various natural sources of plant and mineral origin as mentioned in Ayurveda and other classical traditional medical texts throughout the world [21–25]. In the present study, treatment with a high-concentration, full-spectrum root extract of Ashwagandha resulted in significantly improved semen parameters in concert with improved and regulated sexual hormone levels in oligospermic males. The analyses of our data indicated significantly increased sperm concentration and overall motility, which are regarded as the most important criteria for normal fertilizing ability of the spermatozoa. Our study outcome showed significant enhancement of the semen volume in the Ashwagandha-treated infertile males. Our data are in agreement with many investigations reporting improved sperm parameters including sperm concentrations and sperm motility [21–23]. The study by Mahdi et al. [22] compared the effects of Withania in smokers and those with psychological stress, whereas the study by Ahmad et al. [21] focused on the oxidative biomarkers. The observations reported in these studies and the current findings reinforce the beneficial effects of Ashwagandha in maintaining good sperm health and treating “male factor infertility.” In the present study, treatment with the Ashwagandha root extract resulted in a higher level of testosterone and a concomitant increase in serum levels of LH among infertile men having suboptimal testosterone levels before therapy. Apart from spermatogenesis, testosterone also controls the functional competence of the accessory sex organs, as adequate seminal fluid is necessary for the survival and motility of spermatozoa. Thus, it is postulated that the probable reasons of the increased sperm concentration and motility in the present findings lie in the higher levels of testosterone. These observations have been reported by other workers investigating the fertility-enhancement potential of Ashwagandha and other herbs and minerals [21–23]. Complementing our study, a recent study [22] conducted to assess the effect of Ashwagandha root on semen variables, oxidative biomarkers, and hormone levels among infertile young men aged 25–40 years in India demonstrated increased testosterone and LH among infertile men having suboptimal testosterone levels, compared with the control. A decrease in testosterone and sperm counts indicates qualitative impairment of spermatogenesis and perhaps defects in sertoli and Leydig cell function [33], pointing toward severe infertility causing reproductive impairment. Thus, testosterone is imperative in aiding the production of sperm. Plant testosterone is much safer than taking an artificial form of testosterone, of which many pharmaceutical products contain [34]. There are reports that gonadal and sexual dysfunction are associated with elevated circulating cortisol levels. Cortisol levels in circulation rise sharply in response to stress followed by a significant drop in testosterone secretion [25]. There are reports that elevated psychological stress is associated with increased oxidative stress that may enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is known to be involved in stress response and controls spermatogenesis. Hence, disruption of the HPG axis on account of stress results in the failure of the testes to produce adequate levels of testosterone and a normal number of sperms. It is diagnosed by a low sperm count or low serum testosterone levels and reduction in fertility and libido. Ashwagandha is an effective herbal remedy for stress and infertility. It improves blood circulation throughout the body and enhances sperm quality naturally. Apart from curing sperm problems, intake of Ashwagandha helps in improving the overall health and wellbeing of a person. It relaxes the nerve cells and reduces the occurrence of various health disorders. The most consistent positive finding of the present study was that decreased fertility in males was ameliorated by Ashwagandha root extract as evidenced by an increase in sperm concentration, ejaculate volume, and motile sperm count and an increase in the serum levels of testosterone. The use of traditional or complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) for health care has been increasingly described in medical and science reports [35]. There has been an effort in recent years to evaluate the pharmacological properties of Ashwagandha, which has resulted in a better understanding of its therapeutic potential. Nonetheless, if medical professionals are to prescribe herbal remedies for male infertility or any other medical condition, previous rigorous scientific investigations documenting their safety and efficacy from a Western scientific perspective are required. The outcomes of the present study provide evidence for the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of therapy with Ashwagandha root extract. The present study suggests potential role of high-concentration, full-spectrum root extract of Ashwagandha in treating male infertility, which needs further exploration. Go to: Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Go to: References 1. Collins JA. Male infertility: the interpretation of the diagnostic assessment. In: Mishell DR, Lobo RA, Paulsen CA, editors. 1989 The Year Book of Infertility. 45. Chicago, Ill, USA: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1989. p. 271 pages. (The Year book). 2. Haslett C, Chilvers ER, Boon NA, Colledge NA, editors. Davidson‘s Principles and Practice of Medicine. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. p. 711 pages. 3. Brugh VM, Lipshultz LI. Male factor infertility: evaluation and management. Medical Clinics of North America. 2004;88(2):367–385. [PubMed] 4. Biswas TK, Pandit S, Mondal S, et al. Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermia. Andrologia. 2010;42(1):48–56. [PubMed] 5. Mishra RK, Verma HP, Singh N, Singh SK. Male infertility: lifestyle and oriental remedies. 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Journal of Andrology. 1996;17(2):151–157. [PubMed] 29. Desai N, Sharma R, Makker K, Sabanegh E, Agarwal A. Physiologic and pathologic levels of reactive oxygen species in neat semen of infertile men. Fertility and Sterility. 2009;92(5):1626–1631. [PubMed] 30. Agarwal A, Nallella KP, Allamaneni SSR, Said TM. Role of antioxidants in treatment of male infertility: an overview of the literature. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 2004;8(6):616–627. [PubMed] 31. Makar RS, Toth TL. The evaluation of infertility. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002;117:S95–103. [PubMed] 32. WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Laboratory Manual For the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 5th edition. Geneva, Swizerland: World Health Organization; 2010. 33. Sharpe RM. Declining sperm count in men—is there an endocrine cause? Journal of Endocrinology. 1993;136(3):357–360. [PubMed] 34. Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM. Suppression of human spermatogenesis by testosterone implants. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992;75(5):1326–1332. [PubMed] 35. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;280(18):1569–1575. [PubMed] Articles from Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM are provided here courtesy of Hindawi Publishing Corporation PubReader format: click here to try Formats: Article | PubReader | ePub (beta) | PDF (908K) | Citation Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter Share on Google Plus Google+ Save items Add to Favorites View more options Similar articles in PubMed A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. [Indian J Psychol Med. 2012] Scientific basis for the use of Indian ayurvedic medicinal plants in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: ashwagandha. [Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem...] Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adults. [Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010] Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial. [J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015] Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. [Altern Med Rev. 2000] See reviews... See all... Cited by other articles in PMC Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial [Journal of the International S...] Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Improving Sexual Function in Women: A Pilot Study [BioMed Research International....] A Review on Plants Used for Improvement of Sexual Performance and Virility [BioMed Research International....] See all... Links PubMed Taxonomy Recent Activity ClearTurn Off Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwaga... Clinical Evaluation of the Spermatogenic Activity of the Root Extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Oligospermic Males: A Pilot Study Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2013; 2013() Clinical study of Tribulus terrestris Linn. in Oligozoospermia: A double blind s... Clinical study of Tribulus terrestris Linn. in Oligozoospermia: A double blind study Ayu. Jul-Sep 2012; 33(3)356 See more... Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. [Fertil Steril. 2010] Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. [Ayu. 2011] Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. [Fertil Steril. 2010] Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. [Ayu. 2011] See more ... See links ... Review The evaluation of infertility. [Am J Clin Pathol. 2002] Report on optimal evaluation of the infertile male. [Fertil Steril. 2004] See more ... See links ... Review Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. [Phytother Res. 1999] Review Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. [Altern Med Rev. 2000] See links ... See links ... Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. [Fertil Steril. 2010] See more ... Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. [Fertil Steril. 2010] Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal. Linn.) in the management of psychogenic erectile dysfunction. [Ayu. 2011] Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male Fertility. [Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009] Declining sperm counts in men--is there an endocrine cause? [J Endocrinol. 1993] Suppression of human spermatogenesis by testosterone implants. [J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992] Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on the sexual behaviour of male rats. [Asian J Androl. 2002] Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. 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"That tree is about 700 years old and draws different types of birds," she says, running her hand along the massive trunk

Pamela and her husband Anil K Malhotra have spent the last 25 years buying denuded and abandoned agricultural land in Karnataka's Kodagu district and reforesting it, to return the land to a bio-diverse rainforest for elephants, tigers, leopards, deer, snakes, birds and hundreds of other creatures. The couple owns 300 acres of land in Brahmagiri, a mountain range in the Western Ghats, which houses the Malhotras' Save Animals Initiative (SAI) Sanctuary. It's probably the only private wildlife sanctuary in the country with more than 300 kinds of birds as well as many rare and threatened animal species. But this was not the scene in 1991 when Anil, 75, and Pamela, 64, who run the SAI Sanctuary Trust, came to this part of the country. "When I came here with a friend who suggested I buy this land, it was a wasteland of 55 acres. The owner wanted to sell because he couldn't grow coffee or anything else here," says Anil, an alumnus of Doon School, who worked in the real estate and restaurant business in the US before moving to India. "For me and Pamela, this was what we were looking for all our life." They had almost given up the search for land after hitting the land ceiling hurdle in north India The couple, who met and married in New Jersey, US, in the 1960s, had a love for nature from their childhood. When they went on their honeymoon to Hawaii, they fell in love with its beauty and decided to settle there. "That is where we learnt the value of forests and realized that despite threats of global warming no serious efforts were being made to save forests for the future," says Anil. When the Malhotras came to India for the funeral of Anil's father in 1986, the pollution in Haridwar horrified them. "There was so much deforestation, the timber lobby was in charge, and the river was polluted. And no one seemed to care. That was when we decided to do something to reclaim the forests in India," says Anil, sitting below a dense canopy in front of their house facing the Brahmagiri hills. ALSO READ: This music composer bought an entire hill to turn it into a sanctuary When they realized they would not find land in north India, the search turned southwards. Malhotra's friend had told him that if he was looking for returns, this land in Brahmagiri wouldn't provide any. "We were not looking for money. Early on, we realized that shortage of fresh water will be a concern for India and the rest of the world. Acquisition, protection and reclamation of forested lands and wildlife habitat, where vital water sources have their origin, is the only way to save ourselves," explains Anil. They sold property they owned in Hawaii, bought the first 55 acres at the foothills of the Brahmagiri range and began afforestation work. Soon, they realized there was no use nurturing a forest on one side of the stream when landholders on the other side were using pesticides for cultivation. "We started buying lands across the stream whenever they came up for sale. Many of the farmers considered their holdings 'wasteland' as very little grew on it and were happy to get money," says Malhotra sai sanctuary sai sanctuary But there were legal complications as many land documents were not in order and many farmers had debts to be settled. "Once we bought the land, we allowed the forest to regenerate. We planted native species where necessary and allowed nature to take care of the rest," says Anil. Today, SAI Sanctuary covers approximately 300 acres, and draws naturalists and scientists doing research on the different animal species as well as hundreds of indigenous trees and plants, which have medicinal value as well. sai sanctuary 1 timescitycontent Hunting and poaching was a challenge and often locals did not understand what "this couple from the US" was doing, so it was slow going and required a lot of talking to create awareness. "A priest of a temple located on a nearby hillock was killed by a tiger and villagers were afraid. We helped them rebuild the temple at a safer location, but our condition was that they'd give up hunting and poaching," says Pamela. "When they asked us why, we asked them why they worshipped Hanuman and Ganesha but killed animals. It worked," she says. They worked with the forest department to set up camera traps and keep poachers away. "There are times I have fought poachers with logs," says Pamela. The couple gets help from other trustees to keep the sanctuary going. They also try convincing large companies to buy land and let it flourish as part of their corporate social responsibility plans. "Corporates should extend their CSR activities towards this sector," says Pamela. "Without water, what business will you do?" SAI (OFFICIAL TRAILER) from Melissa Lesh on Vimeo.

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Technology Changes Government in the Future

How Technology Could Change Government in the Future Noocracy. Cyberocracy. An Artificial Intelligence Singleton. A Democratic World Government. Political systems have evolved in the past, so why not in the future? With technology rapidly globalizing our world culturally and economically, it is only a matter of time before the same virtual extension of our brains will be connected and leveraged to transform our governments. Or will it be just Government - singular, capital G - since technology is making physical distance and national boundaries irrelevant? Will it even be a human-run government, or will Artificial Intelligence rule our synced minds? George Dvorsky fleshes out the future's political possibilities in his article, "12 Futuristic Forms of Government That Could One Day Rule the World," published by io9: http://io9.com/12-futuristic-forms-of-government-that-could-one-day-ru-1589833046. While some of the ideas seem just as sci-fi fantastical as the film Inception, the read will surely spur feelings of hope and fear. RELATE 8 0 Valentina Raman Valentina Raman June 14, 2014 FOLLOW 5 Responses Mark's Myth Mark's Myth June 14, 2014 Noocracy...great term...first time I have heard it...thanks! Valentina thanks for posting this...great food for thought. I have related a number of posts...as you can see this is a topic that interests me too. Reply0 Replies

Happiness and Money

The Future of Politics and economics have historically been dominated by the idea of income and consumption being linked to happiness, especially in the West. But I believe a shift is taking place. More people are working harder and earning more money, but more and more people are starting realise they're not happier as a result. Spending on goods that are externally directed (cars, clothes etc) are a thrill to begin with, but the thrill wears off when it doesn't lead to happiness. Money will still feature in the future, but it might not be as prominent as it is now. I think people will begin to question the very idea and value of 'things'. And when that occurs, GDP will include measures such as happiness, especially once widespread discomfort has banished. #7DayChallenge RELATE 5 278 Lachlan Lachlan September 13, 2014 FOLLOW 15 Responses Graeme Graeme September 13, 2014 One theory I have heard is that with the rapid advance in technology, there will not be enough jobs to go around. Therefore, many of us will be forced into this situation - we will not be able to afford luxuries. Reply0 Replies Join the conversation POST SEE MORE RESPONSES

The Universe Has No Beginning Or End According to the latest model that applies quantum correction terms to match Einstein’s theory of relativity, the universe may have existed forever

. The widely accepted age of the universe is 13.8 billion years. In the beginning, everything is considered to have occupied a single infinitely dense point or singularity. After this point started to inflate in a Big Bang, the age of the universe did officially begin. Although this idea occurs unavoidably from the mathematics of general relativity, some scientists see it as problematic because the math can only elucidate what took place immediately after – not before or at – the singularity. In their paper, the authors emphasize that their correction term are not added specifically to eliminate the Big Bang singularity. They applied Bohmian trajectories to an equation developed by Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri. The quantum-corrected equation explains that the universe may be filled with quantum fluid and this fluid might contain gravitons. RELATE 10 1 Brent Dempsey Brent Dempsey January 02, 2016 FOLLOW 4 Responses Carla Carla January 02, 2016 These new findings and terms that are difficult to compromise are what makes physics a fundamentally beautiful branch of science. Although I do not understand almost all of the terms presented in this idea, I can know for sure that there are still numerous problems that are yet to be solved and discoveries to be uncovered. Reply0 Replies Join the conversation POST SEE MORE RESPONSES

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Team stores digital images in DNA—and retrieves them perfectly

All the movies, images, emails and other digital data from more than 600 basic smartphones (10,000 gigabytes) can be stored in the faint pink smear of DNA at the end of this test tube. Credit: Tara Brown/University of Washington Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-04-team-digital-images-dnaand-perfectly.html#jCp Technology companies routinely build sprawling data centers to store all the baby pictures, financial transactions, funny cat videos and email messages its users hoard. Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-04-team-digital-images-dnaand-perfectly.html#jCp But a new technique developed by University of Washington and Microsoft researchers could shrink the space needed to store digital data that today would fill a Walmart supercenter down to the size of a sugar cube. The team of computer scientists and electrical engineers has detailed one of the first complete systems to encode, store and retrieve digital data using DNA molecules, which can store information millions of times more compactly than current archival technologies. In one experiment outlined in a paper presented in April at the ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, the team successfully encoded digital data from four image files into the nucleotide sequences of synthetic DNA snippets. More significantly, they were also able to reverse that process—retrieving the correct sequences from a larger pool of DNA and reconstructing the images without losing a single byte of information. The team has also encoded and retrieved data that authenticates archival video files from the UW's Voices from the Rwanda Tribunal project that contain interviews with judges, lawyers and other personnel from the Rwandan war crime tribunal. Lee Organick, a University of Washington computer science and engineering research scientist, mixes DNA samples in the Molecular Information Systems Lab for storage. Each tube contains a digital file, which might be a picture of a cat or a Tchaikovsky symphony. Credit: Tara Brown/ University of Washington "Life has produced this fantastic molecule called DNA that efficiently stores all kinds of information about your genes and how a living system works—it's very, very compact and very durable," said co-author Luis Ceze, UW associate professor of computer science and engineering. "We're essentially repurposing it to store digital data—pictures, videos, documents—in a manageable way for hundreds or thousands of years." The digital universe—all the data contained in our computer files, historic archives, movies, photo collections and the exploding volume of digital information collected by businesses and devices worldwide—is expected to hit 44 trillion gigabytes by 2020. That's a tenfold increase compared to 2013, and will represent enough data to fill more than six stacks of computer tablets stretching to the moon. While not all of that information needs to be saved, the world is producing data faster than the capacity to store it. DNA molecules can store information many millions of times more densely than existing technologies for digital storage—flash drives, hard drives, magnetic and optical media. Those systems also degrade after a few years or decades, while DNA can reliably preserve information for centuries. DNA is best suited for archival applications, rather than instances where files need to be accessed immediately. The team from the Molecular Information Systems Lab housed in the UW Electrical Engineering Building, in close collaboration with Microsoft Research, is developing a DNA-based storage system that it expects could address the world's needs for archival storage. First, the researchers developed a novel approach to convert the long strings of ones and zeroes in digital data into the four basic building blocks of DNA sequences—adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. "How you go from ones and zeroes to As, Gs, Cs and Ts really matters because if you use a smart approach, you can make it very dense and you don't get a lot of errors," said co-author Georg Seelig, a UW associate professor of electrical engineering and of computer science and engineering. "If you do it wrong, you get a lot of mistakes." The digital data is chopped into pieces and stored by synthesizing a massive number of tiny DNA molecules, which can be dehydrated or otherwise preserved for long-term storage. The UW and Microsoft researchers are one of two teams nationwide that have also demonstrated the ability to perform "random access"—to identify and retrieve the correct sequences from this large pool of random DNA molecules, which is a task similar to reassembling one chapter of a story from a library of torn books. To access the stored data later, the researchers also encode the equivalent of zip codes and street addresses into the DNA sequences. Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques—commonly used in molecular biology—helps them more easily identify the zip codes they are looking for. Using DNA sequencing techniques, the researchers can then "read" the data and convert them back to a video, image or document file by using the street addresses to reorder the data. Currently, the largest barrier to viable DNA storage is the cost and efficiency with which DNA can be synthesized (or manufactured) and sequenced (or read) on a large scale. But researchers say there's no technical barrier to achieving those gains if the right incentives are in place. Advances in DNA storage rely on techniques pioneered by the biotechnology industry, but also incorporate new expertise. The team's encoding approach, for instance, borrows from error correction schemes commonly used in computer memory—which hadn't been applied to DNA. "This is an example where we're borrowing something from nature—DNA—to store information. But we're using something we know from computers—how to correct memory errors—and applying that back to nature," said Ceze. "This multidisciplinary approach is what makes this project exciting. We are drawing from a diverse set of disciplines to push the boundaries of what can be done with DNA. And, as a result, creating a storage system with unprecedented density and durability," said Karin Strauss, a researcher at Microsoft and UW affiliate associate professor of computer science and engineering. Explore further: DNA used to encode a book and other digital information Provided by: University of Washington Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-04-team-digital-images-dnaand-perfectly.html#jCp Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-04-team-digital-images-dnaand-perfectly.html#jCp Related Stories DNA used to encode a book and other digital information August 17, 2012 (Phys.org) -- A team of researchers in the US has successfully encoded a 5.27 megabit book using DNA microchips, and they then read the book using DNA sequencing. Their experiments show that DNA could be used for long-term ... Researchers make DNA storage a reality January 23, 2013 Researchers at the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) have created a way to store data in the form of DNA – a material that lasts for tens of thousands of years. The new method, published today in the journal ... DNA data storage: 100 million hours of HD video in every cup January 25, 2013 Biological systems have been using DNA as an information storage molecule for billions of years. Vast amounts of data can thus be encoded within microscopic volumes, and we carry the proof of this concept in the cells of ... Long-term storage of digital information in DNA is possible February 9, 2015 It is evident from samples from mammoths, bears, and other fossils: sequenceable DNA can last up to several hundred thousand years. But one does not necessarily need fossil bones as capsules of silica glass spheres can do ... Data-storage for eternity February 12, 2015 Scrolls thousands of years old provide us with a glimpse into long-forgotten cultures and the knowledge of our ancestors. In this digital era, in contrast, a large part of our knowledge is located on servers and hard drives. ... How to preserve fleeting digital information with DNA for future generations August 17, 2015 Hand-written letters and printed photos seem quaint in today's digital age. But there's one thing that traditional media have over hard drives: longevity. To address this modern shortcoming, scientists are turning to DNA ... Recommended for you Experts caution self-driving cars aren't ready for roads April 8, 2016 Self-driving cars are more likely to hurt than help public safety because of unsolved technical issues, engineers and safety advocates told the government Friday, countering a push by innovators to speed government approval. The future is here: Interactive screens on your packages April 8, 2016 Instead of reading a label, consumers could be interacting with an electronic screen on packaging in the future, thanks to a revolutionary new development by scientists at the University of Sheffield. Using data from social networks to understand and improve systems April 8, 2016 In the course of our day-to-day lives, we produce vast amounts of data. Whether gathered through online communications platforms, tracking devices, or other sources, these data reveal information about our behavior, decisions, ... Combining gasification with fuel-cell technology could boost efficiency of coal-powered plants April 4, 2016 Most of the world's nations have agreed to make substantial reductions in their greenhouse gas emissions, but achieving these goals is still a considerable technological, economic, and political challenge. The International ... WhatsApp toughens encryption after Apple-FBI row (Update) April 5, 2016 The popular messaging service WhatsApp said Tuesday it had implemented "full end-to-end encryption," a move which steps up privacy but may lead to conflicts with law enforcement agencies. Technicolor stores Hollywood history in a bottle April 5, 2016 A Technicolor scientist surrounded by the latest virtual reality technology inspects a vial containing a few droplets of water—and one million copies of an old movie encoded into DNA. Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2016-04-team-digital-images-dnaand-perfectly.html#jCp